The clinical manifestations of Chronic Renal Failure are retention of metabolin, imbalance of water, electrolyte and acid-base as well as the involvement of the whole body.
Ⅰ Common causes:
① Infectious nephropathy: Chronic Pyelonephritis, nephrotuberculosis, etc.
② Chronic glomerulonephritis: IgA Nephropathy, Mesangial Proliferative Glomerulonephritis and focal segmental sclerosing glomerulonephritis, etc.
③ Toxic nephropathy: toxic nephropathy due to heavy metals, nephropathy due to analgesics, etc.
④ Vascular renal lesion: renal vascular hypertension, hypertension, renal arterial sclerosis, etc.
⑤ Genetic kidney disease: Polycystic Kidney Disease, Alport syndrome, etc.
⑥ Systemic disease: renal damage due to vasculitis, Multiple Myeloma and Lupus Nephritis,etc.
⑦ Renal damage due to abnormal metabolism: Diabetic Nephropathy, Amyloidosis Kidney Disease and Gouty Nephropathy, etc.
⑧ Obstructive Nephropathy: ureteral obstruction, reflux nephropathy and lithangiuria,etc.
Ⅱ Pathogenesis
① Surviving nephron theory: The majority of nephrons are damaged by various causes. And the surviving small part of nephron which is slight damaged and has normal function, has to do compensative work to maintain normal needs of the body, which causes the surviving nephrons to become compensatory hypertrophy. On this condition, both glomerular filtration rate and the function of renal tubules will increase. If this condition can not be prevented, glomerulosclerosis will occur. At last, the surviving nephrons will gradually decrease, as well as renal function.
② Uremia toxins theory: Uremic toxins may be the various substances which are accumulated in the stage of Renal Failure, such as PTH, phosphorus, urea, creatinine, guanidines, phenols and indole, etc. These substances have the following features:
1. Concentration content in the body is higher than that of normal.
2. High content is related to Uremia.
3. These substances can be detected by chemical analysis and quantitative determination.
4. The content of these substances is similar with that of the patient with Uremia.
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